The tail adds another 7.75 to … Humans also kill them for an oily secretion that humans used in traditional medicines and in perfume. [76], The first fossil records of beaver are 10 to 12 million years old in Germany, and they are thought to have migrated to North America across the Bering Strait. North American beavers tend to be slightly smaller, with smaller, more rounded heads; shorter, wider muzzles; thicker, longer, and darker underfur; wider, more oval-shaped tails; and longer shin bones, allowing them a greater range of bipedal locomotion than the European species. 25, No. The European beaver (Castor fiber) was extirpated by trappers … The beaver possesses continuously (or endlessly) growing incisors, and is a hindgut fermenter whose cecum, populated by symbiotic bacteria, helps to digest plant-based material. [30] The head-and-body length of adult North American beavers is 74–90 cm (29–35 in), with the tail adding a further 20–35 cm (7.9–13.8 in). Habitat enhancement for species dependent on wetlands or dead trees (Reese and Hair 1976, Hill 1982, Ermer 1988, Dieter and McCabe 1989, Arner and Hepp 1989, Dubec et al. As ecosystem engineers, American beaver (Castor canadensis) consume and fell a great amount of deciduous trees. The oil glands produce the oil used to waterproof a beaver's fur. [64], Communication is highly developed in beaver, including scent marking, vocalization, and tail slapping. Beavers have many anatomical characteristics that support their aquatic life. 9-23. Beaver deposit castoreum on piles of debris and mud called scent mounds, which are usually placed on or near lodges, dams, and trails less than a meter from water. The breeding pair spends much of its time foraging for food, felling trees, maintaining the dams, and marking their territory. Their bodies extend up to 80 cm (31 inches) long and generally weigh 16–30 kg (35–66 pounds, with the heaviest recorded at more than 85 pounds). River ecosystems rely on beavers to take down old or dead trees along riverbanks to use for their dams. They are found across North America, including most (but not all) of both Canada and the United States. Habitat: Semiaquatic—wooded streams and lake shores. [38], Before their near-extirpation by trapping in North America, beavers were practically ubiquitous and lived from south of the arctic tundra to the deserts of northern Mexico, and from the Atlantic to the Pacific Oceans. [69][70][71] Perhaps due to differing habitat preferences, brown bears were not known to hunt beavers in Denali National Park. Overall, 50% of North American beavers have pale brown fur, 25% are reddish brown, 20% are brown, and 6% are blackish, while in European beavers, 66% have pale brown or beige fur, 20% are reddish brown, nearly 8% are brown, and only 4% have blackish coats. When available, aspen and poplar are preferred over willow. The North American beaver (Castor canadensis) is one of two extant beaver species (the other being the Eurasian beaver, Castor fiber). 1.. IntroductionFlooding by beaver (Castor canadensis) and the effects of fire are viewed as major natural landscape processes that drive vegetation dynamics and alter ecosystems at both local and regional scales (Naiman et al., 1988, Johnston and Naiman, 1990a, Ford et al., 1999, Bisson et al., 2003).So important is the beaver's role in maintaining wetlands … Buech, R. 1995. “Sex differences in behavior of beavers living in near-boreal lake habitat.” Canadian Journal of Zoology 73: 2133-2143. [99] American beavers have not been detected in Sweden, Norway, or Denmark. Besides humans, beavers are one of the biggest habitat manipulators. Their older offspring will assist in the various duties associated with territory, dam, and lodge maintenance. How wolves hunt beavers in these systems is largely unknown, however, because observing predation is challenging. The kittens are generally born in secluded dens, varying greatly depending on local habitat, including rocky outcrops, abandoned burrows, brushy thickets and rotting snags. The dams are large trees, mud, and stones that the beaver uses to block waterways. The forepaws are highly dextrous, and are used both for digging, and to fold individual leaves into their mouth and to rotate small, pencil-sized stems as they gnaw off bark. CTRL + SPACE for auto-complete. American Beavers are closely associated with permanent water. [62] Despite being widespread in some beaver-inhabited areas, beaver canals and their environmental effects are much less studied than beaver dams. [102], Beaver meat is similar tasting to lean beef, but care must be taken to prevent contamination from the animal's strong castor (musk) gland. 1, pp. [52] These lodges may be surrounded by water, or touching land, including burrows dug into river banks. Beavers feed on the inner bark of trees, and are particularly fond of poplar and aspen trees. This habitat map was created by applying a deductive habitat model to remotely-sensed data layers within the species' known range. 1988, 1990, NYDEC 1991, Novak 1987a). Possible aliases, alternative names and misspellings for Castor canadensis.. Common Name(s): American Beaver, Beaver, Admiralty Beaver, Admiralty Island Beaver Castor fiber (castor d’Europe), Castor canadensis (castor Nord-Américain). Habitat of the Beaver. Le castor (Castor canadensis) est un mammifère herbivore pesant de 16 à 35 kg et pouvant mesurer jusqu’à 1,3 m du museau à sa queue plate.Il est le plus gros des rongeurs du Canada et le deuxième plus gros rongeur au monde, derrière le capybara. Prized for their pelts, beavers are also commonly trapped for research purposes and to prevent tree loss or flooding. Beavers (Castor canadensis) are ecosystem engineers that can have far-reaching effects on the landscapes they inhabit (Jones et al. In a good habitat with excellent food resources, they can breed up to four times a year and can have anywhere between 1-11 young per litter. This creates a deeper pond in the area upriver, which offers much more protection from predators. Beavers build lodges, dome-shaped shelters made of woven sticks, branches, and grass that are plastered together with … [citation needed] Early French Canadian Catholics considered beaver to be "four-legged fish" that could be eaten at Lent.[103]. [32] The American beaver is slightly smaller in average body mass than the Eurasian species. Beaver habitat selection dictates the extent and locations of these effects and influences the structure and composition of the vegetative communities through dam The dam-building activities of these large rodents alter forest succession by flooding areas [6], [7], leading to … [37] Beaver colonies with close neighbors constructed more "scent mounds" than did isolated colonies, and the number of scent mounds at each active lodge is correlated with the distance to the nearest occupied lodge.[65]. The cerebrum is well developed, and the neocortex comparatively large. At one time, 25 subspecies of beavers were identified in North America, with distinctions based primarily on slight morphological differences and geographical isolation at the time of discovery. Beavers are active mainly at night. The North American beaver (Castor canadensis) is an aquatic mammal and the largest rodent native to North America. [22] It is native to North America and introduced in South America (Patagonia) and Europe (primarily Finland and Karelia). Mammal Review covers all aspects of mammalian biology, including behavioral ecology, biogeography, conservation, ecology, ethology, evolution, genetics, human ecology, management, morphology, and taxonomy.. Mammal Review publishes five article types: Reviews (new analyses of published information), Predictive … To explore the changes in tree species composition due to beaver browsing and flooding, six abandoned beaver ponds were sampled (537 sample plots altogether). A beaver is featured prominently on the stamp and seal issued to Professional Engineers and Geoscientists by APEGA. IDFG CAPTION: Get your card before hunting season, I got mine! Install … [37], When herbaceous plants are actively growing, they make up much of the beaver's diet. The anal glands of the North American beaver are smaller and thick-walled with a small internal volume compared to that of the European species. Also, more than 27 attempts were made in Russia to hybridize the two species, with one breeding between a male North American beaver and a female European resulting in one stillborn kit. During the roughly 30 years (1806–1838) of the era of the mountain man, the West from Missouri to California and from Canada to Mexico was thoroughly explored and the beaver was brought to the brink of extinction. Though flooding creates beneficial wetlands, this is not ideal in some areas intended for human use. A. Larger areas of the beaver's somatosensory cortex are dedicated to the processing of stimuli from the lips and the hands, more so than the tail and whiskers, which play a relatively minor role. Species distributions are shaped by numerous factors that vary in importance across spatiotemporal scale. 1994; Naiman et al. Write CSS OR LESS and hit save. This is the largest of the regional rodents, exceptionally reaching a weight of about 75 lbs. Zookeepers supplement their diet with a variety of fruits and vegetables, as well as a commercially produced rodent biscuit. Diagram of beaver habitat 4 The North American beaver (Castor canadensis) is well suited to be nature’s engineer. You searched for: Subject "Castor canadensis" Remove constraint Subject: "Castor canadensis" Start Over. They construct their homes, or "lodges", out of sticks, twigs, rocks, and mud in lakes, streams, and tidal river deltas. These creatures build two primary types of structures: dams and lodges. Their bodies are robust with a broad, flat, and scaly tail that is usually around 10 inches long and 6 inches wide. Unoccupied beaver (Castor canadensis) sites in New York State were for two years experimentally scented with a mixture of beaver castoreum and anal gland secretion.These sites were colonized less often than unscented control sites. Fossil har visat att familjen en gång i tiden omfattade en stor mångfald arter och släkten, bland annat det utdöda släktet Castoroides med arten jättebäver. In the past, fur trappers eradicated this species from much of its former range, but it has since made a huge comeback. Beavers have hairless, paddle-shaped tails that are used for steering when swimming. The beaver (Castor canadensis) is one of North America’s most fascinating, beautiful, and industrious species (and super tasty).Many of my posts relate directly to hunting, but the goal is to discuss a range of issues and topics relevant to conservation. This one is an endorsement for giving the beaver our full respect and appreciation as an integral component … It also appears on the back on the state flag of Oregon. The brain masses of a beaver weighing 11.7 and 17 kg are 41 and 45 g respectively. The American Beaver (Castor canadensis) ... An ecosystem engineer is an organism that creates, changes, or destroys a habitat. Both golden eagles (Aquila chrysaetos) and bald eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) may on occasion prey on a beaver, most likely only small kits. Beaver dams may reach 4 m in height and extend for up to 0.5 km in length, giving their aquatic impoundments the dimensions of small lakes. Le mâle est généralement moins lourd que la femelle, mais on ne note pas de dimorphisme sexuel particulier chez les castors. (Castor canadensis) Description & Range: Beavers are the largest rodents in North America and the second largest rodent in the world. Historically, humans have clashed with beavers for decades. Beavers (Castor canadensis) can be a significant prey item for wolves (Canis lupus) in boreal ecosystems due to their abundance and vulnerability on land. Where naturally-occurring woody material is limiting, beavers may build their dams largely of rocks. [56] The largest beaver dam is 2,790 ft (850 m) in length—more than half a mile long—and was discovered via satellite imagery in 2007. [95][96] Furthermore, the beavers did not seem to have a highly beneficial impact on the exotic brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) which have negative impacts on native stream fishes in the Cape Horn Biosphere Reserve, Chile. Beavers can weigh from 30-60 pounds and can get up to 40 inches in length (including their tail). In addition to providing habitat for a wide range of animals, beaver dams also reduce waterway erosion. Unlike most other rodents, beaver pairs are monogamous, staying together for multiple breeding seasons. In warmer climes, a winter food store is less common. The fur trade took an immense toll on beaver populations, and nearly wiped out the creatures throughout much of their range. (27 kilograms) and are 23 to 39 inches (60 to 100 centimeters) long. Although seven vocal sounds have been described for beaver, most zoologists recognize only three: a whine, hiss, and growl. Mortality and longevity. Canadian field-naturalist 11; Canadian journal of zoology 9; The Science of the total environment 8; Wildlife biology 8; Biological invasions 7; more Journal » Publication Year. [91] As wetlands are formed and riparian habitats enlarged, aquatic plants colonize newly available watery habitat. The sound of running water dictates when and where a beaver builds its dam. [72] Less significant predators include wolverines, which may attack a rare beaver of up to adult size, and Canadian lynx, bobcats, and foxes, predators of kits or very sick or injured animals rather than full-grown beavers due to their increasingly smaller size. It can remain underwater for as long as 15 minutes, but the average dive is 5 minutes. They will also eat birch, maple, beech, willow, black cherry, pine, red oak, and more. [39] Nonetheless, the beaver is remarkably specialized for the efficient digestion of its lignocellulose-heavy diet. The purpose of the dam is to create deepwater refugia enabling the beaver to escape from predators. If they do not have the proper outlets for grinding down their teeth, the teeth can overgrow, and the beaver can starve. The nasal opening for the North American species is square, unlike that of the European race, which is triangular. Because they exert such a strong influence on aquatic and riparian communities, the beaver is Scent glands near the genitals secrete an oily substance known as castoreum, which the beaver uses to waterproof its fur. Idaho hunters born on or after January 1, 1975, must either: complete a hunter education course to purchase a hunting license, OR show proof of a previously held license in Idaho or another state. Beavers are unique in their ability to create and modify their habitat by building dams. Much of the early economy of New Netherland was based on the beaver fur trade. Busher, P. 1996. Diet: Herbivorous—especially bark and small twigs. [41][42][43] They are widely distributed in boreal and temperate ecoregions, where populations are rebounding from historic over-exploitation. The oil is slightly different between the sexes and is … The protein to calorie ratio of a beaver's diet is 40 mg/calorie in summer and 8 mg/calorie for the rest of the year. [44][45][46], Physician naturalist Edgar Alexander Mearns' 1907 report of beaver on the Sonora River may be the earliest report on the southernmost range of this North American aquatic mammal. Beavers have important castor and oil glands near the anus. [66], Beavers select food based on taste, coarse physical shape, and odor. The first colonial farmers were also attracted to the fertile, flat bottomlands created by the accumulated silt and organic matter in beaver ponds.[84]. Beaver primarily develop canals to increase accessibility of river resources, facilitate transport of acquired resources, and to decrease the risk of predation. Castor canadensis are monogamous. The habitat of the beaver is the riparian zone, inclusive of stream bed. See Gap Analysis Project Species Habitat Maps for … It is the largest rodent in the U.S., measuring between 2 and 3 feet in length and weighing up to 60 pounds when fully grown. [60] The frozen combination of branches and ice is known as a cap, sealing the food cache. Beaver, Castor canadensis Damage Prevention and Control Methods Exclusion Fence small critical areas such as culverts, drains, or other structures. Towards winter, the lodge is often plastered with mud which, when it freezes, has the consistency of concrete. The American beaver (Castor canadensis) is a large rodent, weighing up to 30 ... Their dams are built of wood and mud for purposes of habitat expansion and predator protection. Habitat requirements largely determine the distribution and abundance of a species. Castor canadensis) habitat use and quality have been evaluated throughout North America using various techniques and measures [3]-[5]. They also need a large water body to swim in, and a variety of fresh branches and vegetables to keep them happy. Écoscience: Vol. No calling … These wetlands work as a sponge, collecting and removing pollutants and sediments from the water, and actually improving water quality. [96] They have also been found to cross saltwater to islands northward; and reached the Chilean mainland in the 1990s. 6. Interesting Facts: The beaver is a large rodent adapted for aquatic life. Southern red-backed vole Clethrionomys gapperi Meadow vole Microtus pennsylvanicus [57] It is located on the southern edge of Wood Buffalo National Park in northern Alberta and is more than twice the width of the Hoover Dam which spans 1,244 ft (379 m). Historically, they were common along the Colorado, Rio Grande and Pecos rivers, as well as … [97] On balance, because of their landscape-wide modifications to the Fuegian environment and because biologists want to preserve the unique biota of the region, most favor their removal. The American Beaver (Castor canadensis), also called the Canadian Beaver (which is also the name of a subspecies), or simply Beaver in North America, is native to Canada, much of the United States and parts of northern Mexico. The beaver is the first mammal to have been shown experimentally to use intraspecific odor cues when settling in vacant habitat. This beaver is the largest rodent in North America. [37], Beaver are herbivorous generalists with sophisticated foraging preferences. Read on to learn about the beaver. Their most notable characteristic is their large, flat tail. The beaver population has been controlled by issuing hunting licenses. [88] Because they are persistent in repairing damage to the dam, they were historically relocated or exterminated. 23, 1851, Canada issues first stamp", Leave It To Beavers, PBS video documentary online, "Worth a Dam" (beaver information and educational site), The Beaver A Keystone Species, a short video by Mike Foster, Video Eager Beavers Take on Climate Change: Restoring Nature's Engineers in Utah by Grand Canyon Trust, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=North_American_beaver&oldid=1008078994, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2008, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Distribution of the North American beaver (dark green – native, light green – introduced), This page was last edited on 21 February 2021, at 12:56. [29][30][31] The species seems to conform to Bergmann's rule, as northern animals appear to be larger. 1 Gameplay 2 Game Mechanics 3 Animals 3.1 Original Content 3.2 Downloadable Content 3.3 Ambient Animals 4 Plants 4.1 Trees 4.2 Plants 5 Expansion Packs 5.1 Endangered Species 5.2 African … [47] However, beavers have also been reported both historically and contemporarily in Mexico on the Colorado River, Bavispe River, and San Bernardino River in the Mexican states of Sonora and Chihuahua.[48][49][50]. Because of their size, behavior, and habitat, beaver have few enemies. (1999). Vocalizations and tail slapping may be used to beg for food, signal to family members to warn of predators, or to drive away or elicit a response from predators. Castor canadensis Kuhl 1820—American Beaver. [37][67], The beaver's gut microbiome is complex and specialized for a wood-heavy diet, sharing a number of similarities with other mammalian herbivores. [28], This beaver is the largest rodent in North America and competes with its Eurasian counterpart, the European beaver, for being the second-largest in the world, both following the South American capybara. [74], North American beavers have one litter per year, coming into estrus for only 12 to 24 hours, between late December and May but peaking in January. Beavers are readily identified by their wide, flat leathery tails, which are used in dam building and for producing alarm warnings. Gestation averages 128 days and they have a range of three to six kits per litter (usually 4-5). During the 1800s, by feeding European and eastern American demand for beaver hats and coats, fur trappers virtually eliminated the species from many landscapes through unregulated trapping. Zoo Tycoon 2 is the sequel to the 2001 gameZoo Tycoon. [58][59], Normally, the purpose of the dam is to provide water around their lodges that is deep enough that it does not freeze solid in winter. The first is used for drying off. Beavers also create lodges, which are a mass of branches and mud with a hollow inside. North American beaver (Castor canadensis) have long been recognized as ecosystem engineers, creating diverse and resilient wetland and riverine systems [1, 2].Prior to near extirpation in the early 1900s due to over-trapping and habitat conversion [], beavers and beaver-created wetland complexes were a ubiquitous component of riparian systems []. American Beaver (Castor Canadensis) Oregon’s early economy was built on beaver pelts. Beaver fur was used to make high-quality hats popular at the time. (1984). In a 1988 study in Alberta, Canada, no beavers repaired "sites of water loss" during the winter. This is where the beavers sleep and hide from predators. Having no natural predators in their new environment, they quickly spread throughout the main island, and to other islands in the archipelago, reaching a number of 100,000 individuals within just 50 years. Originally released for Microsoft Windows on November 9, 2004,Zoo Tycoon 2is also available for themobile phone, Mac OS X, andNintendo DS. … [81], The beaver was trapped out and almost extirpated in North America because its fur and castoreum were highly sought after. Beavers consume a mix of herbaceous and woody plants, which varies considerably in both composition and species diversity by region and season. Fur color is also different. The visual area of the brain is smaller than the gray squirrel. In the United States and Canada, the species is often referred to simply as "beaver", though this causes some confusion because another distantly related rodent, Aplodontia rufa, is often called the "mountain beaver". Beavers grow up to 3.3 ft. long, and weigh in at a maximum of 70 lbs. Beavers live in stream beds, lakes, and rivers. The beaver has many traits suited to this lifestyle. The golden beaver is scientifically known as the Castor Canadensis subauratus. Their lips can be closed behind their front teeth so that they can continue to gnaw underwater. Mammal Review is the official scientific periodical of The Mammal Society. Warner, Richard E. and Hendrix, Kathleen M. With proper management, however, beaver have become re-established and are now common … The Eurasian beaver lives across portions of Europe, and a strip of habitat into western Asia. Though they damage trees, beavers are extremely beneficial in their natural habitats. The Carolina beaver is found in the southeastern United States; the Missouri River beaver, as its name suggests, is found in the Missouri River and its tributaries; and C. c. acadicus is found throughout the New England area in the northeastern United States. (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); Animals.NET aim to promote interest in nature and animals among children, as well as raise their awareness in conservation and environmental protection. The American beaver (Castor canadensis) is one of two living species of beavers—the other species of beaver is the Eurasian beaver. However, adults of both sexes averaged 16.8 kg (37 lb) in Ohio. However the microbial community in the beaver shows less taxonomic diversity than the "typical" mammalian gut. Beaver canals can be over 0.5 km in length. Beavers live in stream beds, lakes, and rivers. North American beavers have shorter nasal bones than their European relatives, with the widest point being at the middle of the snout for the former, and in the tip for the latter. C. canadensis has an encephalization quotient of 0.9 compared to other rodents; this is intermediate between similar terrestrial rodents and arboreal squirrels, and higher than similar aquatic terrestrial rodents, the muskrats and nutria. This dataset represents a species habitat distribution map for American Beaver (Castor canadensis) within the conterminous United States (CONUS) based on 2001 ground conditions. The beaver dam is constructed using branches from trees the beavers cut down, as well as rocks, grass, and mud. Continually destroy dams and materials used to build dams. However, the species is not always considered invasive, as in Europe it has a similar keystone effect to European beavers, which have not recolonized the area. The most widespread (formerly recognized) subspecies, which perhaps are now best thought of as populations with some distinct physical characteristics, are C. c. acadicus (New England beaver), C. c. canadensis (Canadian beaver), C. c. carolinensis (Carolina beaver), and C. c. missouriensis (Missouri River beaver). The North American beaver (Castor canadensis) is one of two extant beaver species (the other being the Eurasian beaver, Castor fiber). Early ecologists believed that this dam-building was an amazing feat of architectural planning, indicative of the beaver's high intellect. [83] From 1670 onwards, the Hudson's Bay Company sent two or three trading ships into the bay every year to take furs to England from Canada. [81], The two species are not genetically compatible. Another component to the beaver's habitat is the canal. Although they have been considered an invasive species, it has been more recently shown that the beaver have some beneficial ecological effects on native fish and should not be considered wholly detrimental. It is not known whether the shrubbier Antarctic beech will be succeeded by the originally dominant and larger Lengo beech, however, and the beaver wetlands are readily colonized by non-native plant species. [85][86], These animals are considered pests in parts of their range because their dams can cause flooding, or because their habit of felling trees can pose danger to people, as in Charlotte, North Carolina's Park Road Park. Fun fact: We occasionally see signs of the North American beaver (Castor canadensis) around Saddleback Lake or in its' tributaries. [102], In Europe, significant invasive populations of Canadian beaver are only present in Finland and Karelia, as the boundary between species has somewhat stabilized, but smaller occurrences have been detected elsewhere. The dams also flood areas of surrounding forest, giving the beaver safe access to an important food supply, which is the leaves, buds, and inner bark of growing trees. When foraging on shore or migrating overland, beavers are killed by bears, … More vulnerable on land, they tend to remain in the water as much as possible. The North American beaver (Castor canadensis) is a semi-aquatic mammal occurring in rivers, streams, lakes, reservoirs, and wetlands across North America. The primary importance is providing them with a variety of fresh branches to gnaw on. Dieter, C. D., and T. R. Mccabe. 1988; Wright et al. This finding suggested that beavers may consider the canals to be part of their "central place" as far as foraging activity is concerned. When deep water is already present in lakes, rivers, or larger streams, the beaver may dwell in a bank burrow and bank lodge with an underwater entrance. Although it was on dry land, the beaver covered the tape player with branches and mud. They slap their tails against the water as a sign of warning. It has a large, flat, paddle-shaped tail and large, webbed hind feet. Archaeological and historical evidence suggests that beaver ponds created "moth-hole like" habitats in the deciduous forest that dominated eastern North America. 2002). Two species are recognized: Castor fiber of Eurasia and Castor canadensis of North America. In addition to trees, beavers also feed on aquatic vegetation, particularly cattails and water lilies. Kits express some adult behaviors, but require a long period in the family to develop their dam construction skills, and other abilities required for independent life. Castor canadensis Habitat requirements Diet: primarily bark from shrubs and trees; also some forbs and grasses Water: prefer slow-moving or still water at least 5 feet deep (to allow movement under water Cover: bottomland riparian areas that can be dammed to provide still water with sufficient depth Control Nonnative Invasive Vegetation: when nonnative invasive … In the United States and Canada, the species is often referred to simply as "beaver", though this causes some confusion because another distantly related rodent, ''Aplodontia rufa'', is often … [101] A report in 2010 concluded that while the current population of American beavers was not problematic, as the species has larger litters than European beavers and builds somewhat larger dams, it could become a problem if its range continues expanding into Russia, but this does not seem to be taking place. We studied habitat dynamics of the Canadian beaver Castor canadensis in a boreal forest landscape in southern Finland at two scales: the beaver pond level and the landscape level.

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